LB 

155T 



'# LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.'* 



f f p. VS^^.4opsn5M ^0 : t' 

I UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. |' 



TOPICAL ANALYSIS 

or 

DESCEIPTIVE &EOGEAPHY, 

United States fiisTORY^ 



AND 



FHYSIOLOG Y AAf'D H YGIEJVE. 



DESIGMED FOE HSK IN OUR COMMON SCHOOLS. 



"V/ 



<^/ Cv 





ATLANTIC, IOWA. 


;- ^^o^iiijxr^v 


\^ 


LAFE YOUNG, BOOK AND JOB PRINTER., 




1875. 





h - 



Entered according to Act of CougrcsS; in the year 1875, 

BY GEORGE S, WEDGWOOD, 

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington , 



PREFACE. 



The object aimed at in the preparation of this book was 
to place in the hands of the pupils a synopsis of the principal 
topics to which they should pay special attention in the 
preparation of their lessons, and to have these .topics so 
connected that they may be easily learnrd and retained. 

The necessity for such a plan has been long apparent from 
the many failures made in teaching these branches, as 
witnessed in a lar^e majority of our schools. 

Take, for instance, the study of History. How many 
teachers have labored hard and long trying to ''get through 
the book" with a class, only to find on examination that very 
few, if any, of the pupils could relate, either orally or in 
writing, in language not borrowed from the text book (and 
few even in that) the history of any important period of 

campaign ! 

Why is this, if not because too much time has been spent 
n mem"orizing unimportant m.ttter? and that, too, so discon- 
nected that the first part of the story was forgotten before 
the last was learned. 



iv PREFACE. 

Place the text book alone iii the hands of the teacher and 
in too many cases questions from the margin of the pages are 
<'shot at" the class and answers as quickly returned, and on 
examination jov will find that the students (and perhaps 
the teacher) are using language, half of which they have no 
more idea of the meaning of, than so much Greek. 

Take the text book away from the scholars, and teacher 
too, during the time of recitation; assign the lessons by 
topics; let the pupils use the text books tor reference in pre- 
paring their lessons and require the recitations to be both 
oral and written and it will not be long before the pupils 
will find it easier to use language with which they are 
acquainted and to have the facts connected in the order in 
which they occurred. There will be no difiiculty about the 
dates; and the teacher will soon be ashamed to come before 
her class unprepared to lead tiiem rather than bo dragged 
along by them . 

The same may be said of Geography. There is probably 
more time loasted in the stndy of Geography than there is 
spent profitably. 

We need more blackboard work; more map-drawing; 
more learning where important cities, rivers, railroads, moun- 
tains, &c., are and why they are important^ and less search- 
ing for minor details and less important places that have 
nothing about them to recommend them to the mind of the 
child. 

Why our Primary Geographies take the young child to 
every nook and corner of the old world and leave him \\\ com- 
parative ignorance of his own State and country is a mystery. 

Good wall maps with text books for reference in preparing 



PREFACE. V 

the lessons, and an analysis ot the more important topics from, 
which to assign them, seems more in harmony with the 
limited time in which a large majority ot jur children have 
to procure their knowledge of Geography. 

Another imjjortant feature of this work is, that it solves 
the question so often asked, "How can we arrive at a 
uniformity ot text-books?" The answer is, "We can never 
accomplish it." 

There are so many good text-books on every branch of 
sludy that a uniformity extensive etjough to be of any prac- 
ticable good will never be arrived at; nor is such a change 
desirable. 

All the text-books in the world cimiot change the impor- 
tant tacts of history. They cannot cause Chicago and London 
to exchange places, nor can they change the causes of their 
importance. They cannot make the veins perform tho work 
assigned to the arteries. The princ;[*al difference between 
any two good text-books on the same branch of study is in 
the style of writing, and the methods of presenting the sub- 
jects to the student. These differences we need for the sake 
of comparison. One scholar will readily understand the lan- 
guage of the one while another will quickly catch the mean- 
ing by the plan laid down by the other. The leading topics 
are the same in all. Why not then place the analysis of the 
topics m the hands ot each pupil; have the lessons assigned 
and recited from it, while the text-books are used for reference 
in preparing the lessons for recitation? If this plan is cor- 
rect, the greater the variety of good text-books in the school 
the better. 

It may not be out of place here, especially for the benefit 



vi PREFACE. 

of those teachers who have not been in the habit oi teaching 
by topics, to give some advice in regard to the manner of 
conducting a recitation. No general rule can be laid down 
to apply to all classes; the teacher should study the general 
plan and apply it to her school according to the circum- 
stances. 

The class in question is one in History and numbers 
twenty scholars. The lesson is "Jackson's Administiation.' 
The class is divided into two sections. Monday, section I. 
will place on the board the work indicated in the topical 
analysis on that subject v^hile each member of section II. 
will prepare fifteen questions in writing on the same lesson. 
When the class is called to recite, section I. goes to the board 
without books and section II. exchange question papers 
with each other and answer them in turn, each scholpr is 
required to be able to answer his own questions, and by 
exchanging, his ability to answer other questions on the lesson 
prepared by his classmates is tested. 

A teacher who has not tried this plan will be surprised at 
the amount of inte» est manifested by the class in preparing 
worthy questions. The work of answering thequestions will 
occupy about twenty minutes; then ten minutes are allowed 
the class to correct errors at the board. 

Tuesday, this work is alternated, section 11. going to the 
board while section I. prepare questions — taking the same 
lesson as on Monday. 

In a small class it might be well to let all the scholars 
work at the board one day and prepare questions the next 
day. 

This is but one of many interesting methods of conduct- 
ing recitations with the aid of topical analysis. 



PREFACE. vii 

Hoping that this work may prove valuable in the school 
room and meet with criticisms enough to bring it to the 
notice of the public, it is respectfully submitted. 

G. S. W. 



GEOGEAPHY, 



PART I. 



DIRECTION AND DISTANCE. 



3. 



DlUECTlOX. 




1. 


Use. 




•} 


Names. 

a. East 

b. West. 

c. North. 

d. South. 

e. N. E. 

f. S. E. 
<;. N. W. 
h. S. W. 




Distance. 




1. 


Inches. 




2. 


Feet. 




3. 


Rods. 




4. 


Miles. 




5. 


Fractional 




parts 


f miles 


Surface. 




1. 


Square inches 


2. 


(( 


feet. 


3. 


(( 


rods. 


4. 


4( 


miles. 


a. 


Acres. 





I Dril! thoroughly in direction 
I until each scholar can point 
)■ accurately and promptly to 
I all the points of the compass. 



Drill thoroughly in distance 
by actual measurement of 
lii:es, boards, floor, etc, and 
by comparing things meas- 
ured with things which the 
scholars have not measured, 
until each scholar is a good 
judge of distance. 



GEOGRAPHY. 9 

LESSONS ABOUT HOME. 

1. School House. 

1. Shape. 

a. Tell the shape oraliy. 

b. Show the shape by drawing on blackboard. 

2. Position. 

a. Tell the position of seats, desks, stove, etc., 

in the school room. 

b. Show the position by locating them in the 
drawings. 

3. Map. 

a. Definitifon. 

b. Draw maps of school room, school house 
and grounds, dwelling houses, farms, sec- 
tions of land, townships, etc. 

2. City ok Township. 

1. Map. 

a. Draw map of city or township, and locate 

the streets, prominent buildings, (such as 
depot, banks, court house, school houses* 
churches, warehouses, mills, etc.) 

b. Give lessons on the uses and means of car- 
rying on the different kinds of business of 
each. 

c. Divide townships into sections and quarter 
sections. 

d. Definitions of things shown on map with 
illustrations. 



10 



GEOGRAPHY. 



3. 



County. 
1. Map. 



a. Draw map of county, numbering the 

townships. 

b. Locate the principal cities, villages, 

railroads, rivers, etc. 

c. Definitions of things shown on the map. 
2. Government of the County. 

a. Name the officers and tell the duties of 
each. 

4. State (where taught). 



1. Map. 



a. Draw map of the State and locate the 
railroads, rivers, mountains, lakes, wa- 
tersheds, valleys, and important cities, 
and tell for what each is important. 



2. 



3. 



4. 



5. 



b. 


Definitions of t 


Surface. 
a. 


Elevations. 


b. 
Product.^. 


Drainage. 


a. 


Natural. 


b. 


Cultivated. 


c. 
Animals. 


Quality of soil. 


a. 


Domestic. 


b. 


Wild. 


Position. 




a. 


Boundaries. 


b. 


Area. 



GEOGRAPHY. 

6. Pahlic Buildinys. 

a. Where located. 

b. Uses and how controlled. 
'?. Government of State. 

a. State officers and their duties. 

b. Tenure of office and how changed. 

c. How laws are made. 
5. History. 

1. Of State. 

2. Of County. 

3. City or Township. 



11 



GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 

(Map of the World.) 

1. Continents. ^ 

2. Oceans. I Define and point to all shown on the map 

3. Islands. j of the hemispUeres. 

4. Coasts. J 



7. 



Coast Lands. 

1. Peninsulas. 

2. Isthmus. 

3. Capes, 

4. Promontory. 
Coast Waters, 

1. Sea. 

2. Gulf. 

3. Bay. 

4. Strait. 
Surface of Land. 



1. 

2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
6, 



Valleys. 

Plains. 

Hills. 

Mountains. 

Table lands. 

Marsh. 

Desert. 

Watershed. 



Define each; 
! Point to them on map ; 
^ Draw map illustrating each 

from memory. 



a. Define. 
} b. Illustrate, 
c. How represented ^on map ? 



12 


GEOGRAPHY, 


8. Waters ujyon the Land. 


1. SpriDgs. 


a. 


Define. 


b. 


How formed ? 


2. Rivers. 


a. 


Define. 


b. 


How formed? 


c. 


Right and left banks. 


d. 


Source. 


e. 


Mouth. 


f. 


Basin. 


g- 


Bed. 


h. 


Falls. 


i. 


Uses. 


3. ] 


River Systems. 


a. 


Define. 


b. 


Formation. 


c. 


Use. 


d. 


Show them on the map. 


4. : 


Lakes. 


a. 


Definition. 


b. 


Formation. 


c. 


Head. 


d. 


Foot. 


e. 


Shore. 


f. 


Use. 


Canals. 


a. 


Definition. 


b. 


How made. 


c. 


Uses. 



GEOGRAPHY. 13 



9. Occupatio7is of Man. 

1. Farming. ") 

2. Lnrabei-ing. \ a. Definition 

3. Mining. ! b. Object. 

4. Quarrying. ^^"" 

5. Manufacturing. 
G. Commerce. 



c. 



Nature of the country where 



each is best adapted. 



PART II. 



LESSONS ON THE EARTH. 

(Illustrated by use of globe, if possible.) 

1. Its shape. 

2. Its relation to other planets. 

3. Its form. 

1. How proven. 

4. Its size. 

1. Diameter. 

2. Circumference. 

5. Lines and Circles upon the earth. 

1. Axis. 1 

^- P^l^«- 1 a. Define. 

3. Equator. U. Illustrate. 

4. Parallels. | 

5. Meridians. J 

6. Circles divided. 
1. Degrees. 

a. Number. 

b. Size. 

1. Measurement of the earth. 

T .-. A ) a. Definition. 

1. Latitude I. How reckoned. 

2. Longitude. C Examples. 



14 



9. 



10. 







GEOGRAPHY. 


Tropics. 

1. Cancer. 

2. Capricorn. 
Polar Circles. 

1. Arctic. 

2. Antarctic. 




a. Location. 
^ b. Uses. 


Zones. 

1. Torrid. 
2.. Temperate 
3. Frigid . 




J 


a. Definition . 

b. Boundaries. 

c. Width. 

> d. Climate, 
e. Vegetation. 
1. Animals, 
g. Inhabitants. 


Movetnente of 


^Ae earth. 


1 Diurnal. 
2. Annual. 


a. 

-b. 

c. 


Definition. 

Efiect. 

Illustrate with globe. 


Distribution of land and water. 


1. Land. 

2. Water. 


U' 


Proportion. 
Location. 


Hemispheres. 

1. Eastern. 

2. Western. 


} 


a. Divisions of land. 

b. Washed by what waters 



11. 



12. 



13. 



MAP OF NORTH AMERICA. 

1. Position. 

1. Divisions. 

2. Boundaries. 

3. Bays and Peninsulas. 

4. Islands, 

2. Surface. 

1, Mountains and other highlands. 

a. Position. 

b. Extent. 

2. Rivers and Lakes. 



3. 



4. 



GEOGRAPHY. 

Climate and Vegetation. 

1. In what zones. 

2. Chief products. 
Divisions. 



15 



1. 


United States. * 






2. 


British America. 






3. 


Mexico. 


a. 
' b. 


Boundaries. 


4. 


Central America. 


Under what govern 


5. 


West Indies. 




ment. 


6. 


Danish America. 







5. Map. 

1. Draw an ortline map of North America from mem- 
ory, locating the different political divisions. 
Map op U:^ited States. 

1 . Positio7i and Outline. 

1. Boundaries. 

2. Area in square miles. 

3. Indentation of coasts. 

2. Surface. 

1. Elevations. 

a. Mountain systems. 
b» Other highlands. 

2. Depressions. 

3. Rivers. 

1. Mississippi. 

2. Missouri. a. 

3. Ohio. b. 

4. Hudson. J> c. 

5. Colorado. d. 

6. Rio Grande. e. 

7. Columbia. 

4. Islands. 

1. Location. 

2. Of what importance. 



Source. 
Course. 
Drains what? 
Empties where? 
Tributaries. 



16 


GEOGRAPHY 


5. 


Climate. 




1. Summer. 




2. Winter. 


6. 


Vegetation. 




1. NatnrMl. 




2. Cultivated. 




3. Nature of soil. 


7. 


Inhabitants. 




1. Number and Nationalities. 




2. Occupations. 




3. Education. 




4. Religions. 



Gover7%inent. 

1. Form. 

2. Departments. 
States divided into groups. 





1. New England. 

2. Middle. 


1 
1 a. 


Number of States in each 




3. South-Eastern. 

4. Central. 


u. 


group 
Names of States in each 


10. 


. 5. Western. 
Territories. 


c. 


group. 
Names of Territories. 


11. 


Map, 







1. Draw well defined outline of the United States from 
memory, and locate the principal rivers, mountain 
ranges, lakes, gulfs, bays, and peninsulas. 



GEOGRAPHY. 



17 



^States axd Territories of United States. 



1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 

5. 
6. 

7. 



Maine. 
New Hani^ 
Vermont. 
Massachusetts 
Rhode Island. 
Connecticut. 
N«w York. 
Pennsylvania. 



32. 
33. 
34. 
85. 
3G. 



[lire. 



9. New Jersey. 

10. Delaware. 

11. Maryland. 

12. Virtrinia. 

13. WesL Virginia. 

14. North Carolina. 

15. South Carolina. 
IG. Geori'ia. 

17. Alabama. 

18. Florida. 

19. Ohio. 

20. Indiana. 

21. Illinois. 

22. Michigan. 

23. Wisconsin. 

24. Kentucky. 

25. Missouri. 

26. Iowa. 

27. Minnesota. 

28. Nebraska. 

29. Kansas. 

30. Teniiesste. 

31. Mississippi. 



Louisisna, 

Arkansas. 

Texas. 

Nevada. 

California. 



37. Oregon, 



1. Position. 

a. Boundaries, b. Area, 
c. Indentation coasts. 

2. Surface. 

a. Mountains and other highlands. 

b. Valleys, etc. 

3. Rivers and Lakes. 

a. Names, source and course. 

b. Drains what? 

c. Empties where ? 

4. Climate. 

5. Vegetation. 

a. Natural and cultivated. 

b. Nature ot soil. 
C. Commerce. 

a. Exports. 

b. Imports. 
7. Animals. 

a. Domestic. 

b. Wild. 
Minerals. 

a. Kind and extent. 

9. Inhabitants. 

a. Number and nationality. 

b. Education and religion. 

c. Industry of. 

d. Occupations. 

c. Modes of travel . 

10. Government, 
a. Form of. 

11. Important Cities. 

a. Location. 

b. Important for what. 

12. History. 

a. When admitted into the Un- 
ion. 

b. From what Territory or State. 

13. Map. 

a. Draw a map of each State from 
memory, locating the principal 
rivers, railroads, cities, moun- 
tains, and lakes. 



ys. 



18 


GEOGRAPHY. 


Territories. 




1. Washington. 




2. Arizona. 




3. Utah. 




4. Idaho. 




5. New Mexico. 


Analysis the same as that of the 
^ States. 


6. Colorado. 


7. Wyoming. 




8. Montana.^ 




9. Indian. 




10. Dakota. 




District of Columbia. ^ 





REVIEW. 

Draw a complete map of the United States from memory 

PART III. 

BRITISH AMERICA. 

1. Position. 

1. Boundaries. 

2. Area. 

3. Indentations and projections of coasts. 

2. Surface. 

1. Elevations. 

2. Depressions. 

3. Rivers and Lakes. 

1. Names, source and direction. 

2. Drains what ? 

3. Empties where? 

4. Islands. 

1. Location and names. 

2. Of what importance. 



GEOGRAPHY. 



n 



1. 



Climate. 

1. Summer. 

2. Winter. 
Government. 

1. Title of Chief Executive. 

2. Dependent on. 

3. Legislature elected how ? 
Political Divisions. 

1. Dominion of Canada. 

I. Prince Edward's Island. 

3. Newfoundland. 

4. British Columbia. 



Map. 



a. Boundaries. 

b. Area. 

c. Climate. 

d. Soil. 

e. Vegetation. 

> f. Occupation of inhab- 
itants. 

g. Minerals. 

h. Animals. 

i. Education and relig- 
ion. 

j. Chief cities. 



Draw map of British America from memory and 
locate important cities, rivers, railroads, mountains, 
and lakes. 



Divisions. 



DANISH AMERICA. 





^ 


1 a. 


Position. 






b. 


Size. 






c. 


Climate. 






d. 


Surface. 


1. 


Greenland 


e. 


Government. 


2. 


Iceland 


^f. 


Inhabitanns — Occupation of. 






^• 


Animals. 






h. 


Vegetation. 






i. 


Products. 
Describe the coasts. 



20 GEOGRAPHY. 

MEXICO. 

1. Position, 

1. Boundaries. 

2. Area. 

3. Indentation and projection of coasts. 

2. /Surface. 

T^, .. ) Mountains. 

1. Elevation. ^Volcanoes. 

2. Depressions. 

3. Jiivers and Lahes. 

1. Names, source and course. 

2. Drain what? 

3. Empty into. 

4. Islands. 

1. Location and importance. 

5. Climate. 

1. Summer. 

2. Wmter. 

6. Vegetation. 

1. Chief products, 

I. Inhabitants. 

1. Number and nationatity. 

2. Occupations. 

8. . Commerce. 

1. Exports. 

2. Imports, 

9. Minerals. 

10. Government. 
1. Form of. 

II. Important Cities^. 
1, Location. 



GEOGRAPHY. 21 

2. Important for what? 
12. Map. 

1. Draw complete map of Mexico from memory. 

CENTRAL AMERICA. 

1. Position. 

1. Boundaries. 

2. Area. 

3 Indent ition and projection of coasts. 

2. Surface. 

1. Elevations, 

2. Depressions. 

3. Rivers and Lakes. 

1. Name, source, and direction. 

2. Drainage. 

3. Empty where? 

4. Climate. 

5. Chief Products. 

6. Commerce. 

1. Exports and Imports. 
V. Minerals. 

8. Inhabitants. 

1. Number and Nationality. 

2. Occupations. 

3. Education and Religion. 

9. Gover7ime)it. 
1. Form of. 

10. States. 

1. Guatemala, 

2. San Salvador. 1 a. Boundaries. 



h: 



3. Honduras. )- b. Important cities and important 

4. Nicaragua. for what. 

5. Costa Rica. J 



22 



GEOGRAPHY 



11. Map. 

1. Draw complete map of Central America from mem- 
ory. 



WEST INDIES. 



1. Divisions. 



1. Greater Antilles. 

a. Cuba. 

b. Hayti. 

c. Porto Rico. 

d. Jamaica. 

2. Lesser Antilles. 

3. Bahamas . 



1. Position, Boundaries, Area. 

2. Surface. 

3. Climate. 

4. Vegetation and soil. 

5. Commerce — Exports and Im- 
ports. 

6. Animals — Domestic and Wild. 

7. Inhabitants — 
a. Number and Nationality, 
b Occupations. 
Cc Industry. 
d. Education and Religion . 

8. Government — Form of. 
I 9. Important Cities — Important 

J for what? 

2. Map. 

Draw complete map of West Indies from memory. 



SOUTH AMERICA. 
General Description. 

1. Position. 

1. Boundaries. 

2. Area. 

3. Indentations and pi ejections of coasts. 

2. Surface. 

1. Elevations. 

a. Mountain systems. 

b. Other highlands. 

2. Depressions. 



GEOGRAPHY. 33 

3. Rivers and Lakes. 

1. The Magdalen a. ") a. Source. 

2. The Orii.oco. | b. Course. 

3. The Amazon. )■ c. Drains what? 

4. The La Plata. | d. Empties where? 

5. Lake Titicaca. J 

4. Islands. 

1. Location and importance. 

5. Climate. 

1. Summej'. 

2. Wmter. 

6. Vegetatio7i. 

1. NaturaL 

2. Cultivated, 

3. ■ Nature of soil. 

7. Commerce. 
\. Exports. 
I. Imports. 

8. Animals. 

1. Domestic. 

2. Wild. 



9. 


Mi 


nerals. 


10. 


Inhabitants. 




I. 


Number and nationality. 




2. 


Occupations. 




3. 


Education and Religion. 




4. 


Industry. 




5. 


Modes of travel. 



24 GEOGRAPHY. 


11. Political Divisions, 




1. Brazil. 




2. Rio Janeiro. 


1. Position. 


\ French. 


a. Boundaries and Area 


3. Guiana, v Dutch. 


2. Surface. 


) British. 


3. Climate. 


4. Venezuela. 


4. Commerce. 


5. Columbia. 


a. Exports. 


6. Ecuador. 


b. Imports. 


1. Peru. 


5. Government. 


8. Bolivia. 


a. Form of. 


9. Chili. 


6. Important Cities. 


10. Ariijentina. 


a. Location. 


11. Uraguay. 


b. Important for what? 


12. Paraguay, 




13. Patagonia. 




12. Map. 




Draw complete map of South America from memo 


EUROPE 


1. Position. 




1. Boundaries. 




2. Area. 




3. Indentation and projection of coast&i. 


2. Surface. 




1. Elevations. 




a. Mountains and < 


Dther highlands. 


2. Depressions. 




3. Rivers. 




1. Names, and source 


3. 


2. Direction and extc 


3nt. 


3. Drainage. 




4. Empty where? 




. Lakes. 




1. Names and locatit 


)n. 



GEOGRAPHY. 



25 



5. 



6. 



Climate and Vegetation 

1. Southern Europe. 

2. Central Europe. 

3. Northern Europe. 

Nations of Europe. 

1. Germanic. ^ 

2. Romanic. ! 

3. Slavonic. } 

4. Celts. J 

Independent /States of Europe 
1. Number. 



Summers. 
Winters. 



Composed of w' at? 





2. Names and forms ot government. 




Countries of Europe. 






1. Position. 

a. Boundaries. 

b. Area. 

c. Indentation of coasts. 

2. Surface. 


1. 


British Isles. 


a. Mountains and other highlands. 


2, 


Germany. 


b. Depressions. 


3. 


Russia. 


3. Climate. 


4. 


Austria- 


a. Summers. 


5. 


Turkey. 


b. Winters. 


C. 


Frar.ce. 


4. Vegetation and soil. 


7. 


Switzerland. 


5. Commerce. 


8. 


Norway. 


a, Exports. 


9. 


Sweden. 


b. Imports. 


10. 


Denmark. 


6. Animals. 


11. 


Holland.. 


a. Domestic. 


12. 


Belgium. 


b. Wild. 


13. 


Spain. 


v. Minerals. 


14. 


Portugal. 


8. Government. 


15. 


Italy. 


a. Form of. 


16. 


Greece. 


9. Inhabitants. 

a. Number and Occupations. 

b. Education and Religion. 

c. Modes of travel. 

10. Important Cities, 
a. Location. 




J 


b. Important for what ? 



26 iGEO^BAPHY. 

9. Map. 

1. Draw complete map of Europe from memory and 
locate states, rivers, mouatam. ranges, capes, bays, 
gulfs, islands and important cities. 

ASIA. 

1 . Position . 

1. Boundaries. 

2. Area. 

3. Indentations and projection ■} of coasts. 

2 . Surface. 

1. Elevations. 

a. Mountains and other higJa4 and s. 

2. Depressions. 

3 . Hivers and Lakes. 

1. Names, source, direction and empties where. 

2. Drainage. 

4. Climate. 

1. How varied. 

5. Vegetation. 

1. Natural and cultivated. 
C. Commerce. 

1. Exports and imports. 
1. Animals. 

1. Domestic and wild. 
8. Inhabitants. 

1. Numb(a*,jand jjaces. 





GEOGRAPHY. 


. States. 




" 


1. Position. 


1. Russia in Asia. 


2. Surface. 


2. Turkestan. 


3. Climate. 


3. Persia. 


4. Vegetation and Soil. 


4. Afghanistan. 


5 Chief Products. 


5. Beloochistan. 


6. Minerals. 


6. Turkey in Asia. 


v. Inhabitants. 


7. Arabia. 


y a. Occupations and Industry 


8. India. 


b. Education and Religion. 


9. Farther India. 


c. Modes of travel. 


10. China. 


8. Governments. 


11. Jai.an. 


a. Forms of. 


12. East India Arch- 


9. Important Cities. 


ipelago. 


a. Location. 


k o 


b. Important for what. 


0. Map. 




1. Draw a map of 


Asia from memory. 



27 



AFRICA. 

1. Position. 

1. Boundaries, 

2. Area. 

3. Indent ition and projection of coasts. 

2. Surface. 

1. Mountains and other highlands 

2. Depressions. 

3. Rivers and Lakes. 

1. Name, source, direction and drainage. 

4. Climate. 

5. Vegetation and' soil. 

6. Commerce. 

1. Exports and Imports. 
*J, Animals. 
8. Minerals. 



GEOGRAPHY 



5. Inhabitants. 

1. Number, raceb and occupations. 

2. Education and religion. 

3. Modes of travel. 
10. States. 

1. Position. 



1. Morocco. 

2. Algiers. 

3. Tunis. 

4. Tripoli. 

5. Egypt. 

6. Nubia, 
v. Abysinnia. 
8. The Sahara 
9 The Soudan. 

10. Cape Colony. 



11, 



2. Surface. 

3. Climate. 

4. Vegetation. 

5. Chief products. 

6. Minerals. 

7. Inhabitants. 

a. Occupation. 

b. Education and Religion. 

8. IniporLant Cities. 

a. Location. 

b. Important for what? 
Map. 

1. Drawmap of Africa from memory. 



1 . Divisions. 



1. The ContineLt. 



2. Australian Islands. 



3. Polynesian Islands. 



2. Map. 



AUSTRALIA. 

1. Position. 

2. SurfacQ. 
S. Riv(r:4. 

4. Coast. 

5. Climate. 

6. Vegetation and soil. 
V. Commer2e. 

a. Exports and Imports. 

8. inhabitants. 
H. Number and nationality. 

b. Occupations. 

c. Education and Religions. 

9. Important Cities. 

a. Location. 

b. Important for what? 



Draw map of Australia, and surrounding islands from 
memory. 



GEOGRAPHY. 29 

REVIEW. 

1. In what latitude and longitude is the capital of each 
state and country of the globe? 

2. Give the shortest and most practicable route to travel 
frona Chicago, 111., to each of the capitals of the states and 
countries shown on the maps, with the different races of men, 
animals, fruits and vegetables, and other objects of interest 
that would be seen in such countries. 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



PERIOD OF DISCOVERIES. 

Discoveries and Claims. 

1. Spanish. 

a. Discoverers. 

b. What discovered and dates. 

c. Territory claimed. 

d. Settlements . 

2. French. 

a. Discoverers. 

b. What discovered, and dates. 

c. Territory claimed. 

d. Settlements. 

3. Dutch. 

a. Discoverers. 

b. What discoveries, and dates. 

c. Territory clninied. 

d. Settlements. 

4. English. 

a. Discoverers. 

b. Discoveries and dates. 

c. Territory claimed. 

d. Settlements. 



UNITED STATES. 31 

American ' Indians. 
1. Number. 

Manner of living. 
Civilization. 
Claim to America 

Review^ of Period I. 
Draw a map of North America. 

Give a brief hietory of the principal discoverers, 
what each discovered, and the routes taken by each. 



COLONIAL PERIOD. 



History of the Colo 


nies—\601, 1775. 


Virginia. 




Massachusetts. 




New Ham] shire. 




Maryland. 


1. Government, kind of, define. 


Connecticut. 


2. Founded, when, where and by whom 


New York. 


3. Troubles. 


New Jersey. 


► 4. Religion. 


Pennsylvania. 


5. Education. 


Delaware. 


C. Lending men. 


North Carolina. 




South Carolina. 




Georgia. 




Rhode Island. 





French Wars . 

1. King William's war. 

2. Queen Anne's war. 

3. King George's war 

4. French and Indian war. 



^ a. Causes. 

I b. Dates. 

j c. Where fought. 

! d. Objects. 

e. Parties engaged, 

f. Results. 

g. By what treaty terminated 
h. Effect on the Colonies. . 



32 HISTORY OF THE 

Review of Colonial Period. 

1. Draw a map of the Colonies. 

2. Give a list of noted men of this period, and state for 
what each was noted. 

3. Name the French wars, and show on the map where 
each was carried on . 

REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 

Causes of the Revolutionary war. 

1. Stamp Act. 

a. Its provisions. 

b. Objections to it. 

2. Navigation Acts. 

a. Provisions. 

b. Objections to them. 

3. Unjust taxation. 

a. In what did it consist ? 

4. Boston port bill. 

a. Provisions. 

b. Object. 

c. Effect. 

5. Quartering British troops. 

6. Steps taken in opposition to these acts, and leading men. 

7. First Colonial Congress assembled, 
a. When, where and what was done. 

Military operations of 1775. 
1. Battle ot Lexington. 

a. Date. 

b. Object. 

c. Commanders. 



UNITED STATES 33 

d. Results. 

e. Incidents of the battle. 

2. Ticonderoga and Crown Point captured. 

a. By whom. 

b. Results. 

3. Battle of Bunker Hill. 

a. Date. 

b. Object. 

c. Commanders. 

d. Results. 

e. Incidents of the battle. 

4. Draw map of Boston and vicinity, showing position 
and movements of Bunker Hill, Lexington and Concord. 

5. Commander-m-chiet appointed, w^hen, where and by 
whom. 

6. Invasion of Canada. 

a. By whom. 

b. Date. 

, c. Object. 

.d Engagements. 

e. Leading officers . 

f. Results. 
Campaign of I^'IQ. 

1. Siege of Boston. 

a. How conducted. 

b. Results. 

2. Battle of Fort Moultrie. 

a. Date. 

b. Object. 

c. Commanders; 



34 HISTORY OF THE 

d. Results. 

e. Incidents. 

3. Declaration of Independence. 

a. When made. 

b. By whom. 

c. Leading men. 

d. Effect on the country. 

4. Battle of Long Island. 

a. Date. 

b. Object. 

c. Comm mders. 
d Results. 

e. Draw map of position and movements of troops. 

5. Washington's retreat through New Jersey. 

a. Engagements. 

b. Leading officers. 

c. Incidents of campaign. 

d. Results. 

e. Draw map showing position and movements of troops # 

6. Winter quarters, where. 
Campaign of 1111. 

1. Washington's campaign in New Jersey and Pennsyl- 
vania. 

a. Object. 

b. Movement of troops. 

c. Engagement. 

d. Leaders. 

e. Incidents. 

f. Results. 

g. Draw map of movements in Pennsylvama. 



UNITED STATES. 35 

2. Burgoyne's Invasion. 

a. Object. 

b. Route taken. 

c. Engagements. 

d. Results of the campaign. 

3. Winter quarters. 

a. Where. 

b. Condition of the army. 

4. Congress. 

a. Ad(»pted what. 
Campaign of \11^. 
1. The French Alliance. 

a. Why so called. 

b. How brought about. 

c. Its effect on England and America. 

d. What aid received from France. 

British retreat Irom Philidelphia to New York. 

a. Cause. 

b. Engagements. 

c. Results. 

8. French fleet. 

a. Operations in 1778. 

b. Results. 
Campaign of 1779. 

1. In the south. 

a. What troops, 

b. Objrct. 

c. Engagements. 

d. Results. 

2. In the north . 



36 HISTORY OP THE 

a. What operations. 

b. Results. 

3. Situation at clcse of IVVO. 

a. General feelings. 

b. Cause. 

c. What trouble in purchasing supplies ? 
Campaign in 1780. 

1. Siege of Charleston. 

a. By whom? 

b. Result „ 

c. Leading men. 

2. Gates' operations. 

a. Route. 

b. Engagements. 

c. Results. 

3. In the north. _ 

1. Treason of Arnold. 

a. Cause. 

b. How discovered. 

c. Results. 

2. Condition ol the army in winter of 1780-81. 

a. Demonstrations made. 

b. How met. 
Campaign 171 1781. 

1. Greene in Carolinas. 

a. Engagements. 

b. Leading officers. 

c. Incidents of the campaign. 

d. Results. 

2. Draw map of the Carolinas, showing movements of 
troops. 



UNITED STATES. 37 

3. Sisge ot Yorktown. 

a. Forces. 

b. Leading officers. 

c. Duration. 

d. Results. 

4. Close ol war. 

a. What steps were taken. 

b. Treaty of peace signed when, and where. 

5. Articles of Confederation adopted. 

a. Object. 

b. When adopted. 

c. Defects. 

d. Continued how long. 

6. Constitution adopted. 

a. When. 

b. How. 

c. What opposition 

d. What objections. 

7. Parties formed . 

a. Cause. 

b. How Divided. 

Review of the Revolutionary Period. 

1. Write a list of battles in chronological order, giving 
commanders and successful parties. 

2. Write a brief history of the most prominent actors of 
the Revolution. 

3. Trace on the map of the United States the movements 
of the armies, and relate the most important incidents from 
Lexington and Concord to the close ot the war. 



38 HISTORY OF THE 

CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 

Washmgton''s Administration 1789 to IVOY. 
1. Election. 

1. By what party. 

2. Meaning of the election. 
1. Inportant facts. 

1. The government establish', rl . 

a. Branches and duties of each. 

b. Departments and duties of ( ach. 

2. Revenue. 

a. Why needed. 

b. How accomplished. 

3. Seat of government, 
a. Wheie established. 

4. French Revolution. 

a. Its effect in United States. 

5. Whisky insurrection. 

a. Cause. 

b. Effect. 

6. Boundaries between Louisiana, Florida and United 
States. 

a. How settled. 

b. Gain to United States. 

7. States admitted. 

a. What. 

b. Date. 

Adams' Administration, 1191 io 1801. 
1. Election. 

1. By what party. 

2. Meaning of the election. 



UNITED STATES 

2. Important facts. 

1. P^'rench difficulties. 

a. Cause. 

b. Extent. 

c. How terminated. 

2. Washington's death. 

a. When. 

b. Where. 

3. Alien and Sedition laws, 
a. What were they. 

Jefferso7i's Administration^ 1801 to 1809. 

1. Election. 

1. By what party. 

2. Meaning of the election. 

2. Important facts. 

1. Louisiana purchase. 

a. From whom. 

b. Price paid. 

c. Territory included. 

d. Advantage to United States. 

2. Tripoliton war. 

a. Cause. 

b. Incidents. 

c. Terminated. 

3. Burr-Hamilton duel. 

a. Cause. 

b. Results. 

4. Embargo of 1807. 

a. Causes. 

b. Provisions. 



40 HISTORY OF THE 

c. Results. 
5. States admitted; what, date. 

Madison^ s Administration^ 1809 to 181 7. 

1. Election. 

1. By what party? 

2. Meaning ot the election 

2. Important facts. 

1. Non- Intercourse Act. 

a. Provisions. 

b. Results. 

2. Battle of Tippecanoe. 

a. Causes. 

b. Parties engaged. 

c. Incidents. 

3. War ot 1812. 

1. Causes ot the war. 

2. Military operatioas of 1812. 

1. Hull's surrender. 

a. Relate the circumstances. 

2. Battle of Queenstown Heights. 

a. Date. 

b. Route. 

c. Leaders. 

d. Results. 

3. Naval operations of 1812. 
1. Engagements. 

a. Where? 

b. Between whom? 
0. Results. 



UNITED STATES 
4. Military operations of 1813. 



41 



1. Army of the West. 

2. Array of the Centre. 

3. Array of the North . 

4. Indian Wars. 

5. Military operations of 1814. 



1. Northern Carapaign. 

2. Southern Campaign. 



a. Position. 

b. Object. 

► c. Commanders. 

d. Movement!. 

e. Results. 



a. Position. 

b. Object. 

c. Commanders. 

d. Engagements 

e. Results. 



3. Battle of New Orleans. 

a. Position, 

b. Obiect. 

c. Movements. 

d. Commanders. 

e. Results. 

4. War terminated. 

a. By what treaty? 

b. When? 

c. Gain or loss to the United States by the war. 
6. War with Algiers. 

a. Cause. 

b. Movements. 

c. Results. 

v. Bank of United States chartered. 

a. Give its history. 
8. States admitted. 

a. What? 

b. Date. 

Monroe's Administration, 1817 to 1825. 
1. Election. 



42 HI B TORY OF THE 

1. By what party? 

2. Meaning of the election. 
2. Important Facts. 

1. Indian War in Georgia. 

a. How suppressed. 

b. Results. 

2. Florida Purchase. 

a. From whom? 

b. Price paid. 

3. States admitted. 
a. Date. 

4. Missouri Compromise. 

a. Cause. 

b. Provisions. 

5. Monroe Doctrine, 
a. What^was it? 

6. Visit of La Fayette. 

J. Q. Adams'^ Administration^ 1825 to 1829. 

1. Election. 

1. By what party. 

2. Meaning of election. 

2. Important Facts. 

1. Death of eminent men. 
a. Who? 

2. Protective Tariff. 

a. Define. 

b. Where popular? 

c. Where distasteful and why ? 
Jackson's Administration, 1829 to 1837. 

1. Election. 



UNITED STATES. 43 

1. By what party? 

2. Meaning of the Election. 
2. Important Facts. 

1. United States Bank. 

a. Charter renewed^ 

b. What troubles. 

2. Black Hawk War. 

a. Give its history. 

b. Where fought. 

c. Results. 

5. Nullification. 

a. Cause. 

b. Where endorsed? 

c. How settled? 

4. Florida War. 

a. Cause. 

b. CVmmanders. 

c. How conducted ? 

d. Results. 

5. Politics. 

a. Democrats. ) Advocated what? 

b. Whigs. j 

6. States admitted. 

a. What? 

b. Dates. 

Van Buren'^s Administration, 1837 to 1841. 

1. Election. 

1. By what party? 

2. Meaning of the election. 

2. Important Facts. 



44 HISTORY Or THK 

1. Financial Crisis of 1837. 

a. Cause. 

b. Effects. 

2. Foreign Affairs. 

b. Canadian rebellion. 

3. States admitted. 

a. What? 

b. Date. 

Harrison's and Tyler^s Administration^ 1841 to 1845. 

1. Election. 

1. By what party? 

2. Meaning of the election. 

2. Important Facts. 

1. Death of Harrison. 

a. When? 

b. Who became President? 

2. Tyler's action in the United States Bank Bill ? 

a. What? 

b. Effect. 

4. Ashburton Treaty. 

a. Settled what? 

b. Why so named. 

4. Dorr's Rebellion. 

a. Where? 

b. Cause. 

c. How terminated? 

5. States admitted* 

a. What. 

b. Date. 

PoWs Administration y 1845 to 1849. 
1. Election. 



UNITED STATES. 

1. By what party? 

2. Meaning ot the election. 
2. Important Facts. 

1. Mexican War. 

a. Causes. 

b. Campaigns. 



1. Campaign on the Rio Grande. 

2. Invasion of Mexico by Taylor. 

3. Conquest of New Mexico and 
California by Fremont an I 
Kearney. 

4. Scott's campaign in Mexico. 



45 



a. Date. 

b. Route taken 

c. Engage- 
ments. 

d. Command- 
ers. 

e. Results. 

f . Incidents of 
the cam- 
paigns. 



2. Poace established. 

a. How? 

b. Date. 

c. Gain or loss to the United States. 

3. Free Soil Party organized, 
a. When? 

}). Doctrines. 

4. States admitted. 

a. What? 

b. Dates. 

Taylor's and Fillmore's Administrations^ 1849 to 1853. 

1. Election. 

1. By what party? 

2. Meaning of the election. 

2. Important Facts. 

1. The Omnibus Bill. 

a. Its purpose. 

b. Its provisions. 



46 HISTORY OF THE 

2. Death of Taylor. 

a. Date. 

b. Who became President? 

3. Death of Clay and Webster, 
b. Date. 

Pierce's Administration^ 1853 to 1857. 

1. Election. 

1. By what party? 

2. Meaning of the election. 

2. Important Facts. 

1. Gadsden Purchase, 
a. Provisions. 

2. Kansas-Nt'braska Bill. 

a. Origin. 

b. Provisions. 

c. When passed? 

d. Effect. 

3. Repnblican Party formed. 

a. From what parties ? 

b. Platfo m 

Buchanmi's Administration^ 1857 to 1861. 

1. Election. 

1. By what party? 

2. Meaning of the election. 

2. Important Facts. 

1. \yv^(\ 8cott decision, 
a. Give its history. 

2. John Brown's raid, 
a. Give it's history. 

3. Democratic Party divided. 

a. Cause. 



UNITED !5TAT>8. 47 

4. States admitted. 

a. What? 

b. Date. 

Lincoln's Admi7iistration, 1861 to 1865. 

1. Election. 

1. By what party? 

2. Meaning of the election. 

2. Important Facts. 

1. Fort Sumter bombarded. 
a When? 

b. By whom? 
e. Results. 

2. Secession . 

a. Definition. 

b. Cause. 

c. What States seceded? 

3. Civil War. 
a. Causes. 

Review of the Constitutional Period to the W^ae op 
Secession. 

1. Make a list of Pregidents from Washington to Lincoln 
inclusive, in the order in which they were elected. 

2. List of political parties in chronological order, with a 
brief statement of the platforms of each. 

3. Rttview of political meaning of Presidential elections. 

4. List of States admitted with dates of admission. 

5. List of conspicuous actors of war of 1812, stating for 
what each was noted. 

6. List of conspicuous actors of Mexican war, stating lor 
what e.ich was noted. 



4s HISTORY OF TtlE 

1. Prepare a sketch of the life and services of Patrick 
Henry, John Hancock, Benjamin Franklin, Ethan Allen, Ben- 
edict Arnold, La Fayette, George Washington, John Adams, 
Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, Robert Fulton, Te- 
cumseh, Jitmes Madison, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, 
Daniel Webster, Black Hawk, Winfield Scott, Santa Anna, 
John C. Calhoun, and Gen. Zachary Taylor. 

WAR OF SECESSION. 

Operatio?is in 1861. 
1. In the Easl. 

1. Army organized. 

a. H< u r 

b. Conmiaiuler . 

c. Places held by Federals. 

d. Confederates. 



. Wesl Viruini.v Campaign. | ^ Eng^g.-monls 
. BHllUuiiCumpaig,,, ^- h. Prommont otticers. 

' * J c. Results. 



2. In the West. 

, , ,v/f ) ^- Enoraffements. 

1. Ill Missoui'i. f 1 T> • ixt 

^ .V ,, »|- • . . V b. rrommenl othcers. 

2. 0,uhcM,ss,ss,pp,.J^ ^^^^^^^^ 

3. Naval and Coast Operations. 

n 1^1 1 i^ I By Federals. 

1. Places lield. V t^ ^^ c i 

\ By Coniederates. 

4. Foreign Relations. 

1. With England and France. 

2. Trent affair. 
Operatio9is in lSii2. 

1. In the West. 

, T> %• I a. Federal. 
1. Position, y -, r^ r -i 

\ b. Confed.^rate. 



UNITED STATES. 4S 

2. Engagements. 

3. Movements — trace movements of armies on the map. 

4. Leading officers— Federal, Confederate. 

5. Results. 

a. Of each engagement. 

b. Of campaign. 

2. In the East. 

, TA. ... X . ) a. Federal. 

1. Disposition of troops, j- ^ Confederate. 

2. Peninsula Campaign . 

a. Object. 

b. Date. 

c. Route, 

d. Engagements. 

e. Leading officers. 

f. Important events. 

g. Results, 

h. Draw map of route taken. 

3. Lee's Invasion of the North. 

a. Date. 

b. Object. 

c. Route. 

d. Engagements. 

e. Leading officers. 
1. Important events, 
g. Results. 

4. On the Rappahannock, 

a. Engagements. 

b. Date. 

c. Results. 

5. At New Orleans. 
a. Date, 



50 HISTORY OP THE 

b. Results. 

c. Draw map of New Orleans and vicinity. 
6. Naval Actions. 

a. Engagements. 

b. Results. 
Operations in 1863. 

1. Emancipation Proclamation. 

a. Date. 

b. Its provisions. 

c. Effect. 

2. In the East. 

1. Position in spring of 1863. 

a. Federal. 

b. Confederate. 

2. Change of Commanders, 
a. Cause. 



b. What change? 

c. When made? 



a. Date. 



b. Object. 

c. Commanders. 



Battle of 
Chancellorville. 

d. Results. 

4. Lee's Invasion of Pennsylvania. 

a. Date. 

b. Object. 

c. Route. 

d. Engagements. 

e. Commanders. 

f . Important events. 

g. Results. 
In the West. 



UNITED BTATf a 



51 



1. Position. 

a. Federal. 

b. Confederate. 



2. Array of Tennessee. 

3. Army of the C-irnberland. 



Draft Riots. 

1. Where? 

2. Cause. 

3. Results. 



a. Commanders. 

b. Object. 

c. Route. 

d. Engagements. 

e.' Important events, 
f. Results, 



Operations, of 1804, 

1. In Virginia. 

1. Position. 

a. Federal. 

b. Confederate. 

2. Grant's move on Richmond. 

3. Command under Butler. 

4. Sfe^eridan's Valley Campaign. 

2. In the West. 



a. Object. 
1). Route. 

c. Engagements. 

d. Important events 

e. Commanders, 

f. Results. 



1. Sherman's Campaign. 

2. Thomas' Campaign. 

3. Red River Expedition, 

4. Naval operations. 



Position. 

Object. 

Route. 

Commanders. 

Engagements. 

Important events. 
^, Results, 
h. Draw map of West- 
ern and Southern States 
showing movements of 
the army. 



52 HISTORY OP THE 

3. Lincoln's Re-election. 

1. By what party ? 

2. Meaning of the election. 

Operations of 1865. 

1. Sherman's movements. ^ a. Objects. 
^ £., , , ^ b. Route. 

2. Sheridan's movements. V ^ Engagements. 

3. Grant's movements. J d. Results. 

4. Assassination of Lincoln. 

1. By Whom? 

2. Effect on the country. 

3. Results. 

5. Jeff. Davis captured. 

1. Where? 

2. When? 

6. Army disbanded. When? 
Johnson^ s Administration, 1865 to 1869. 

1. Election. 

2. How made President? 
1. By wliat party? 

2. Important Facts. 

1. Reconstruction. 

a. What steps taken. 

2. Public debt. 

a. Amount. 

b. Steps taken to meet it. 

3. Foreign Relations. 

a. With France in regard to Mexico. 

4. Impeaclament of Johnson. 

a. Causes. 

b. Results. 



UNITED STATES. S8 

5. States Re -admitted. 

a. What? 

b. Hew? 

* 6. Purchase of Alaska. 

a. Object. 

b. Price paid. 

Oranfs Administration^ 1869 to 1877. 

1. Election. 

1. By what party? 

2. Meaning ot the election. 

2. Important Facts. 

1. Constitutional Amendments . 

a. What? 

b. Provisions. 

Review of Constitutional Period from Beginning op 
War of Secession to 1869. 

1. List of prominent actors in War of Secession, stating 
for what each was noted. 

2. List of battles, n.wA state who was t^e successful party. 

3. Give a written history of the War of Secession. 

4. Prepare a sketch of the life and services of Stephen A. 
Douglas, Abraham Lincoln, William H. Seward, Jefferson 
Davis, Stonewall Jackson, U. S. Grant, Geo. B. McClellan, 
Phil. Kearney, Charles Sumner, Horace Greeley, Andrew 
Johnson, Robert E. Lee, W. T. Sherman, Geo. H. Thomas. 

5. Draw a map of the United States, and locate all the 
important places where battles were fought, and state the 
obiect ol such battles. 



PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 



PART I. 



1. Classification of Bodies. 

1. Organic bodies. | a. Define. 

2. Inorganic bodies, j" b. Examples. 

2. Organic bodies divided. 

1. Vegetable. ) a. Define. 

2. Animal. j" b. Examples. 

3. Animal Characteristics. 

1. Manner of taking food. | Compuved with vegetables. 

2. Nervor.s system. j '■ 

4. Animal Sub-Kingdoms. 

1. Radiates. 

a. Define. 

b. Examples. 



2. MoUusks. 

3. Articulates . 

4. Vertebrates . 



5. Vertebrates Classified 

1. Fishes. 

2. Reptiles 



3. Birds. ^ 

4. Mammals 



Describe each class. 



6. Relation of Man to the Lower Animals. 
1. Charncteristics of man. 

a. Frame- work of body. 

b. Face. 



AND HYGIENE. 55 

c. Expressive functions. 

d. Mind. 

7. Human Body Divided into Systems. 

1. Nutrition. ) ^ . . 

2. Voluntary Motion. V Consists of. 

3. Nervous Sensibility and Motor Force. ) 

NUTRITION. 

1. Food. 

1. Albuminate. | a. Define. 

2. Carbanaceous. \ b. Why so called. 

2. Mouth. 

1. Mastication. 

a. Define. 

2. Mucus Membrane. 

a. Describe it. 

b. Why so called? 

c. Its functions. 

3. Serous Membrane. 

a. Describe it. 

b. Why so csCUed? 

c. Its functions. 

4. Teeth. 

a. Composition. 

b. Number of sets. 

c. Number in each set. 

d. Classes. 

e. Shape and functions. 
3. Salivary Glands. 

1. Parotid. ^ ^ Situation. 

2. Submaxillary. 

3. Sublingual. 



56 PHYSIOLOGY 

4. Saliva. 

a. Describe it. 

b. Its use. 

5. Tongue. 

a. Describe it. 

b. Its use. 

6. Pharynx. 

a. Shape. 

b. Structure. 

c. Lining. 

d. Openings. 

e. Termination. 

7. (Esophagus. 

a. Position. 

b. Extent. 

c. Coats, number and description. 

d. Functions. 

e. Termination, 



DIGESTION. 

Stomach. 

a. Shape. 

b. Position, 
e. Orifices. 

d. Functions. 

e. Coats — describe each. 

f . Sympathy between Stomach and Mouth. 

g. Process of digestion in the Stomach . 
h. Formation ol chyme. 

Intestmal Canal. 
1. Small Intestine. 



AND HYGIENE. 57 



1. Duodenum. 

2. Jejunum. 

3. Ileum. 



a. Shape. 

b. Length. 
y c. Coats. 

d. Location. 

e. Why so named. 



2. Mesentery. ) a. Location. 

>• b. Functions. 

3. Lacteals. ) c. Why so named ? 

4. Large Intestine. 

1. Caecum. ) a. Length. 

2. Colon. > b. Structure. 

3. Rectum. ) c. Use ot the Ileo-Colic valve. 

3. Liver. 

1. Location and shape. 

2. Functions. 

4. Pancreas. 

1. Location and shape. 

2. Functions. 

5. Chyle; how formed and where transmitted? 

6. Thoracic Duct. 

1. Location and functions. 



CIRCULATION. 

1. Heart. 

1. Location, position and shape. , 

2. Divisions; right and left sides compared. 

3. Action described ; valves and their uses. 

2. Arteries. 

1. Structure, ramifications, functions. 

3. Capillaries. 

1 . Structure, location, functions . 

4. Veins. 

1. Origin, structure, termination, valves of, functions; 



58 PaYSIOLOGY 

how distinguished from arteries? 

5. False; define; how caused? 

6. Lymphatics; structure, functions, communications^ use. 

7. Absorbents; define, functions. 

8. Anastomosing Vessels; define, communications, use. 



RESPIRATION. 

1. Respiratory Apparatus; consists of, its purpose. 

2. Trachea; location, structure, communications, functions. 

3. Bronchia; origin, ramifications, terminations, structure. 

4. Air Cells; location, structure, functions; how gases are 
transmitted; 

5. Lungs; number, position, functions. 

6. Diaphragm; define, structure, shape; describe the pro- 

cess of respiration, 
v. Purpose of Respiration ; define, use of oxygen to the 
system. 

8. Animal heat; definition, its source. 

9. Liver; describe it, give its functions. 

10. The Skin; coats named and described, glands named and 
described, insensible perspiration defined. 

11. TheKidreys; define, locate, functions. 

12. Tempeiature of the Body; in different animals, cause of 

difference, in different climates. 



GROWTH ANX> REPAIR. 

1. Blood; composition of, coagulum, serum, proportion, 

analysis of the blood . 

2. Blood disks ; what are they? different kinds. 

3. Cell stiuGtGjje; define, how forai'ed and removed? mode 



AND HYGIENE. 59 

of growth, how destroyed? relation ot the blood to « ell 
transformation. 
4. Quantity of blood in the body. 



THE SKELETON. 

1. Bones. 

1. Their uses. 

2. Their structure, process ot ossification, covering^ 
chemical composition, shape, definition and classes 
of joints. 

2. Cartileges; definition and uses. 
-3. Ligaments; form, use. 

4. Bones of the head. 

1. Skull bones; named and located. 

2. Face bones; number. 

5. Spinal Column ; number of boneis, shape, how held to- 

gether. 

6. Ribs; number, curvatures, articulations. 

7. Sternum; describe and locate. 

S Bones, of the Pelvis; number, names, shape, location. 

9. Upper Extremities. 

1. Shoulder. ^ 

2. Arms. V Names, shape, articulations, number. 

3. Hands. ) 

10. Lower Extremities. 



I 



1. Thigh. 

2. Log. J- Names, number, shape, size, articulations. 

3. Foot. ) 



MUSCLES. 

1. Formation ; fibers, facia. 

2. Muscular Contraction; how caused; its power. 



60 PHYSIOLOGY 

3. Use of the Muscles. 

4. TcDdons; formation, use, union with muscles. 

5. Arrangement of Muscles; to produce motion, in pairs. 

6. Muscular Motion . 

1 . Voluntary. ) Define. 

2. Involuntary. ) Examples. 



LARYNX. 

1. Position, shape, communication. 

2. Cartileges. 

1. Cricoid. '\ 

2. Thyroid. 5- Describe each. 

3. Arytenoid j 

3. Epiglottis and Glottis; define, use. 

4. Vocal Cords; position, formation, use. 

5. Pitch of Voice; how caused, how modulated. 

6. FunctioDS of the Larynx. 



NERVOUS SYSTEM. 

1. Brain; how divided, membranes, describe each mem- 
brane, composition, its function. 

2. Cranial Nerves; number, extent, connections, arrange- 
ment, funclions. 

3. Spinal Nerves; divisions and names, number, ramifica- 
tions, arrangement. 

4. Motor Nerves; origin, functions, effect of injury to, 

5. Sentient Nej ves; origin, termination, functions. 

6. Effect of an injury to a nervous trunk. 

7. Sympathetic nervous system defined and its relation to 
other ner\es explained. 



AND HYGIENE. 61 

SENSE OF SEEING. 

I. Eye. 

1. Divisions. 

2. Muscles; number, attachments, functions. 
8. Lachrymal Glands; location, functions . 

4. Coats of the Eye; name, locate and describe each. 

6. Iris. ") 

6. Pupil. V Looate and describe each. 

'7. • Ciliary Processes. ) 

8. Aqueous Humor; locate, shape, effect of the shape. 

9. Crystalline Lens; location, nature, shape. 

10. Vitreous Humor; location, nature. 

II. How objects are seen; explain by illustration, why seen 

erect. 

12. Spherical Aberration; its cause and effect. 

13. Short-Sigh tedness; its cause, its cure. 

14. Long-Sightedness; its cause. 

15. Size and Distance of Objects; how.determmed, effect of 
transparency of air. 

16. Double Vision; how ca',?sed, advantage of two eyes, in- 

fluence oi mind on vision. 

NERVOUS FUNCTIONS. 

1. Spinal Cord Analyzed. 

1. Gray matter. ) Proportion and 

2. White matter, j location. 

3. Communication of Spinal Nerves explained; func- 
tion of Spinal Cord. 

2. Motions. 

1. Voluntary. ) Define. 

2. Involuntary. V Give cause. 

3. Reflex. ) Give examples. 



PHYSIOLOGY 

MENTAL FUNCTIONS. 
Thought. 

1. Dependent on; how shown? 

2. Measured by; how shown? 

3. Origin of; how proven ? 

4. Difference between voluntary and involuntary thought 

5. Thought modified by training; give examples. 

6. Man compared with the lower animals in regard to 

thought. 



SLEEP. 

1. Effect on the senses ; examples. 

2. Effect on the nervous functions; examples. 

3. Efiect on the mental functions; examples. 

4. Effect on the brain ; examples. 
6. Amount necessary. 

6. Difference between cOma and sleep. 

PART II. 



HYGIENE. 

1. Hygiene defined and compared with Physiology. 

2. Health and disease defined and compared. 

3. Influence ot Hygiene on duration of life. 

5. Water. Sources of impurity; how purified? Proper 

temperature of drinks. 
5. Drinks. 

1. Tea. ] 

2. Coffee. \ Define. 

3. Chocolate. [ Effects on the system. 

4. Fermented. J 



AND HYGIENE. 



63 



classificatio:n of food. 

Animal. ) Define. 
Vegetable, j Give examples. 



1. 
2. 
3. 
5. 

6. 

7. 



10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 
16. 
17. 
18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 
22. 
23, 



FOOD DIVIDED INTO GROUPS. 

Flesh forming. 

1. Gluten. 

2. Fibrine. , Chemical properties. 

3. Caseine. f Found where? 

4. Albumen. 

5. Gelatine. 
Starchy group, ) Where fcund ? 
Fatty group, j Use. 

KINDS OF FOOD—THEIR VALUE. 

Milk. Its eflect on the system ; by what circumstances 
modified ? 

Cheese. How produced ? Value as food ; quantity to be 
eaten . 

Butter. Belongs to which group ? Value as food. 
Eggs. Which group ? Value as food ; how cooked. 
Animal Flesh. Different kinds; value ol each as food; 
how cooked ? 

Fattening Animals. What precaution should be taken? 
Wholesome Meat. How distinguished? 
Wheat. 
Rye. 

Corn. 

Barley. 

Oats. 

Beans. 

Peas 

Rice. 

Potatoes. 

Turnpis. 

Beets. 

Onions. 

Cabbage. 

Fruits. 

Salt. 

Vinegar. 



Composition and dietetic value. 

Manner of cooking. 

What is gained by cooking? 

Manner of seasoning. 

Precautions necessary in the use of season 
ing. 



64 PHYSIOLOGY 

QUANTITY OF FOOD. 

1. How modified by digestion ? 

1. Tobacco. 1 

2. Temperature. | 

3. Exercise. I Effect on digestion. 

4. Ventilation. ( Examples. 

5. Change of habits. 

6. Mental labor. J 

TIME OF TAKING FOOD. 

1. Intervals. How lonsj? Importance of regularity. 

2. Breakfast. ) Whec? 

3. Dinner. V Why early ? 
4. Supper. ) Kind of food. 

5. Eating between meals. Eftect of. 

6. Manner of eating. Fast or slow and why? Tempera- 

ture ot food; importance of thorough mastication. 
1. Good teeth necessary. Why ? Rules for preserving the 
teeth. 

8. Effect of eating when fatigued. 

9. Rest should follow meals. Why? 

10. Quantity of food. How measured? 

CIRCULATION. 

1. Pressure of the veins. How injurious? 

2. Change of temperature. Effect on circulation; cause; 
examples. 

3. Influence of the mind on circulation . What ? Examples. 

4. Bleeding from arteries. How checked? 



BREATHING. 

1. Movements of the ribs in breathing. Explain; how 
checked ? Effect of compression. 



AND HYGIENE. 65 

2. Compression of the ribs. When most injurious? Why? 

3. Imperfect Breathing. Define; effect; how corrected? 

> 
PURE AIR. 

1. Composition of Air. Elements; proportion; functions 
of each element. 

2. Impure Air. Its source ; its effect. 

3. Means of Purifying the Air. Natural; artificial. 

4. Diminution of Oxygen by breathing. 



ANIMAL HEAT. 

1. Temperature of the body. 

1. How iufiuenced by age. 

2. Climatic influence. 

3. Uniform temperature maintained; how? 

4. Overheated rooms ; eflects of . 

5. Proper temperature of rooms. 

6. Means of reducing heat. 

7. Effects ot exposure to currents of air. 
S. Importance of moisture. 

2. Bathing. 

1. Why necessary ? How to bathe? Caution in bath- 
ing ; kinds of baths described . 

3. Clothing. 

1. Its 1 elation to health. 

2. Quantities. 

3. Variation. 

4. Kinds compared. 

5. Bones compressed by. Effects; examples. 



66 PHYSIOLOGY 

BONE. 

1. Bone nurrition . 

1. What food necessary for formation and repair of 
bone ? 

2. Eflfect of an over-suppl}^ ol bone earth. 

2. Distortion of bones. 

1. How produced? Examples. 

2. Effect of stooping position. 

3. Deformed Feet. 

1. How produced? Effects. 

4. Spinal Curvature. Cause; remedv. 

5. Effect ol exercise on Bones. 



EXERCISE. 

1. Muscular motion. Its effect. 

2. Kind of air best for exercise. Why? 

3. Sunlight and Shade. 

1. Their relation to good health. Examples. 

4. Amount ol exercise required . How increased? 

5. Relation of mental and physical exercises. 

6. Rules for taking exercise. 

1. Games. What kind beneficial ? Why? 

8. Manual Labor. Healthful; injurious. 

9. Best time for study. 



BRAIN POISONS. 
1. Alcohol. 

1. Its chemical relation. 



AND HYGIENE. 


1 


1. Digestion. 

2. Chemical change 

3. Muscular force. 




4. Animal heat. 


tid why? 


5. Nervous system. 
► 6. Vision. 
1, Smell. 




8. Hearing. 

9. Taste. 




10. Mind. 




11. Duration of life. 



67 



Tobacco. 

1. Effects compared with those of alcohol. 

2. Chemical properties compared with alcohol. 
Opium. 

1. Compared with alcohol and tobacco. 



SLEEP. 

1. Its necessity. 

2. Its effect. 

3. Amount required. 

4. Best time for sleep. 

5. Effect of producing sleep by raedicine« 



WAKEFULNESS. 

1. Its effect. 

2. Its remedy. 



INJURIES PROM ACCIDENTS. 

iiS.nr«r"'i'r*'- treatment. 



68 PHYSIOLOGY 

ACUTE DISEASES. 

1. Symptoms of their approach. 

2. Treatment. 



1. Their use. 

2. Their abuse. 



MEDICINES. 



THE END. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



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019 841 428 1 



